Certain Problems of International Law with Reference to China

In the present monographs an attempt is made to study certain problems of international law with reference to their application in China. Whatever its pretensions in the realm of theory may be, the ultimate value of international law lies and its actual application by the nations in their relations with one another. As a sovereign state in the community of nations, China is entitled to be treated as the juristic equal of the other member states. Owing to her administrative and military weakness, however, China\u27s jurisdictional rights have been frequently curtailed by the arbitrary sex of the so-called Great Powers. From the standpoint of China, the present study will exhibit the illegal limitations placed upon her juristic freedom as a result of the mistaken interpretations of international law by foreign states and the relations with China and their unjustifiable application of its rules. Beautiful and the side of international law, the following pages contained many instances of violations of the established rules of conduct between nations. The monograph does not report to present original research in the fax of history. It is primarily an attempt to collect facts concerning China under certain head heaves of international law and to interpret or analyze those facts from a judicial point of view. The task is handicapped by the absence of casebooks and works on international law concerning China, and by the inaccessibility, due to present conditions in the far east, of such government documents as ts\u27ing tai ch\u27ou pan yi wu shih mo (Foreign Relations of the Ts\u27ing Dynast), tung hua lu (Imperial Records), and wai chiao kung pao (Gazette of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs); and of documentary studies of Chang Hsing-lang\u27s chung hsi chiao t\u27ung kuan hsi shih (History of China\u27s Intercourse with the West), and Wang Yun-Sheng\u27s liu shih nien lai chung kuo yu je pen (Sino-Japanese Relations during the Last Sixty Years). Consequently references are frequently made to documents and other material in the form presented and secondary sources available in this country. It is believed, however, that the use of the secondary sources has not lessened the value of the general analysis of points of law. Nor does the present study cover the whole field of international law. It is with regret that many problems in a larger field have been omitted from this monograph owing to the limit of time. The writer wishes to acknowledge her gratitude to Prof. Charles G Fenwick of Bryn Mawr College for his painstaking supervision and criticism, and to Prof. Roger H Wells of the same institution for making many valuable suggestions in the matter of style. She is also indebted to Dean Younis Morgan Shenck and the Department of Economics and pPolitics of Bryn Mawr College for aids in the typing of the monograph

Certain Problems of International Law with Reference to China

In the present monographs an attempt is made to study certain problems of international law with reference to their application in China. Whatever its pretensions in the realm of theory may be, the ultimate value of international law lies and its actual application by the nations in their relations with one another. As a sovereign state in the community of nations, China is entitled to be treated as the juristic equal of the other member states. Owing to her administrative and military weakness, however, China\u27s jurisdictional rights have been frequently curtailed by the arbitrary sex of the so-called Great Powers. From the standpoint of China, the present study will exhibit the illegal limitations placed upon her juristic freedom as a result of the mistaken interpretations of international law by foreign states and the relations with China and their unjustifiable application of its rules. Beautiful and the side of international law, the following pages contained many instances of violations of the established rules of conduct between nations. The monograph does not report to present original research in the fax of history. It is primarily an attempt to collect facts concerning China under certain head heaves of international law and to interpret or analyze those facts from a judicial point of view. The task is handicapped by the absence of casebooks and works on international law concerning China, and by the inaccessibility, due to present conditions in the far east, of such government documents as ts\u27ing tai ch\u27ou pan yi wu shih mo (Foreign Relations of the Ts\u27ing Dynast), tung hua lu (Imperial Records), and wai chiao kung pao (Gazette of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs); and of documentary studies of Chang Hsing-lang\u27s chung hsi chiao t\u27ung kuan hsi shih (History of China\u27s Intercourse with the West), and Wang Yun-Sheng\u27s liu shih nien lai chung kuo yu je pen (Sino-Japanese Relations during the Last Sixty Years). Consequently references are frequently made to documents and other material in the form presented and secondary sources available in this country. It is believed, however, that the use of the secondary sources has not lessened the value of the general analysis of points of law. Nor does the present study cover the whole field of international law. It is with regret that many problems in a larger field have been omitted from this monograph owing to the limit of time. The writer wishes to acknowledge her gratitude to Prof. Charles G Fenwick of Bryn Mawr College for his painstaking supervision and criticism, and to Prof. Roger H Wells of the same institution for making many valuable suggestions in the matter of style. She is also indebted to Dean Younis Morgan Shenck and the Department of Economics and pPolitics of Bryn Mawr College for aids in the typing of the monograph

Operando STM study of the interaction of imidazolium-based ionic liquid with graphite

Understanding interactions at the interfaces of carbon with ionic liquids (ILs) is crucially beneficial for the diagnostics and performance improvement of electrochemical devices containing carbon as active materials or conductive additives in electrodes and ILs as solvents or additives in electrolytes. The interfacial interactions of three typical imidazolium-based ILs, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (AMImTFSI) ILs having ethyl (C2), butyl (C4) and octyl (C8) chains in their cations, with highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) were studied in-situ by electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM). The etching of HOPG surface and the exfoliation of graphite/graphene flakes as well as cation intercalation were observed at the HOPG/C2MImTFSI interface. The etching also takes place in C4MImTFSI at −1.5 V vs Pt but only at step edges with a much slower rate, whereas C8MIm+ cations adsorbs strongly on the HOPG surface under similar conditions with no observable etching or intercalation. The EC-STM observations can be explained by the increase in van der Waals interaction between the cations and the graphite surface with increasing length of alkyl chains

Antibiotic prophylaxis after total joint replacements

Objectives: To review the latest evidence on antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with total joint replacements to prevent prosthesis infections. Data sources: Literature search of Medline and PubMed until June 2009. Study selection: Studies of patients with total joint replacements from around the world, studies concerning antibiotic prophylaxis, as well as chemoprophylaxis guidelines from orthopaedic associations were searched. Data extraction: Literature review, original articles, case reports, best practice guidelines. Data synthesis: With the rising incidence of patients with total joint replacements, subsequent deep infection of the implants is a rare but dreaded complication which has immense physiological, psychological, financial, and social implications. Guidelines from urologists, gastroenterologists, and dental surgeons attempt to identify high-risk patients who may be more susceptible to prosthetic joint infections. These patients are provided with prophylactic antibiotics before any invasive procedure that may cause bacterial seeding to prosthetic joints. Most orthopaedic associations around the world adopt a similar policy to provide prophylaxis to cover any anticipated chance of bacteraemia. The American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons adopts the most cautious approach in which all patients with total joint replacements who undergo any procedure that breaches a mucosal surface receive prophylactic antibiotics. Conclusion: The guidelines from the American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons seem to have an all-encompassing policy when it comes to providing prophylactic antibiotics. Nonetheless, physicians must still exercise their judgement and customise the treatment to each patient. The benefits of prophylactic antibiotics must be balanced against the risks of drug side-effects and the emergence of antibiotic resistance.published_or_final_versio

Restoration of Humeral Bone Stock Two Years After Internal Fixation of a Periprosthetic Fracture with a Loose Stem

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[Fe iii] lines in the planetary nebula NGC 2392

The Eskimo Nebula (NGC 2392) is a young double-shell planetary nebula (PN). Its intrinsic structure and the responsible shaping mechanism are still not fully understood. We present new optical spectroscopy of NGC 2392 at two different locations to obtain the spectra of the inner and outer shells. Several [Fe iii] lines are clearly detected. We find that these [Fe iii] lines mostly originate from the inner shell. Therefore, we suggest that NGC 2392 might have an intrinsic structure similar to the Ant Nebula Mz 3, which exhibits a number of [Fe iii] lines from the central dense regions. In this scenario, the inner and outer shells correspond to the central emission core and the outer lobes of Mz 3, respectively. © 2012 International Astronomical Union.published_or_final_versio

The use of three-dimensional printing technology in orthopaedic surgery: A review

Three-dimensional (3-D) printing or additive manufacturing, an advanced technology that 3-D physical models are created, has been wildly applied in medical industries, including cardiothoracic surgery, cranio-maxillo-facial surgery and orthopaedic surgery. The physical models made by 3-D printing technology give surgeons a realistic impression of complex structures, allowing surgical planning and simulation before operations. In orthopaedic surgery, this technique is mainly applied in surgical planning especially revision and reconstructive surgeries, making patient-specific instruments or implants, and bone tissue engineering. This article reviews this technology and its application in orthopaedic surgery.published_or_final_versio

Beating the channel capacity limit for linear photonic superdense coding

Dense coding is arguably the protocol that launched the field of quantum communication. Today, however, more than a decade after its initial experimental realization, the channel capacity remains fundamentally limited as conceived for photons using linear elements. Bob can only send to Alice three of four potential messages owing to the impossibility of carrying out the deterministic discrimination of all four Bell states with linear optics, reducing the attainable channel capacity from 2 to log_2 3 \approx 1.585 bits. However, entanglement in an extra degree of freedom enables the complete and deterministic discrimination of all Bell states. Using pairs of photons simultaneously entangled in spin and orbital angular momentum, we demonstrate the quantum advantage of the ancillary entanglement. In particular, we describe a dense-coding experiment with the largest reported channel capacity and, to our knowledge, the first to break the conventional linear-optics threshold. Our encoding is suited for quantum communication without alignment and satellite communication.Comment: Letter: 6 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary Information: 4 pages, 1 figur

Antikaon production in nucleon-nucleon reactions near threshold

The antikaon production cross section from nucleon-nucleon reactions near threshold is studied in a meson exchange model. We include both pion and kaon exchange, but neglect the interference between the amplitudes. In case of pion exchange the antikaon production cross section can be expressed in terms of the antikaon production cross section from a pion-nucleon interaction, which we take from the experimental data if available. Otherwise, a $K^*$-resonance exchange model is introduced to relate the different reaction cross sections. In case of kaon exchange the antikaon production cross section is related to the elastic $KN$ and $\bar KN$ cross sections, which are again taken from experimental measurements. We find that the one-meson exchange model gives a satisfactory fit to the available data for the $NN\to NNK\bar K$ cross section at high energies. We compare our predictions for the cross section near threshold with an earlier empirical parameterization and that from phase space models.Comment: 16 pages, LaTeX, 5 postscript figures included, submitted to Z. Phys.